Christianity
Genesis 49Jacob Blesses the Twelve Tribes
Summary
Genesis 49 records Jacob's last words to his twelve sons, a poem about what will befall them in the last days. Reuben loses preeminence, Simeon and Levi are rebuked for violence, and Judah is called a lion's whelp from whom the sceptre will not depart. Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph and Benjamin each receive a vivid image. Jacob then asks to be buried in the cave of Machpelah and dies. Many Jewish and Christian interpreters read the Shiloh line as messianic.
Key verse
“The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be.”
Genesis 49:10
Themes
- Prophecy
- Tribal Identity
- Kingship of Judah
- Final Words
Text
And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last days.
Gather yourselves together, and hear, ye sons of Jacob; and hearken unto Israel your father.
Reuben, thou art my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength, the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power:
Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel; because thou wentest up to thy father’s bed; then defiledst thou it: he went up to my couch.
Simeon and Levi are brethren; instruments of cruelty are in their habitations.
O my soul, come not thou into their secret; unto their assembly, mine honour, be not thou united: for in their anger they slew a man, and in their selfwill they digged down a wall.
Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel: I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.
Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise: thy hand shall be in the neck of thine enemies; thy father’s children shall bow down before thee.
Judah is a lion’s whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who shall rouse him up?
The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be.
Binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass’s colt unto the choice vine; he washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes:
His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with milk.
Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto Zidon.
Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens:
And he saw that rest was good, and the land that it was pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto tribute.
Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel.
Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that biteth the horse heels, so that his rider shall fall backward.
I have waited for thy salvation, O LORD.
Gad, a troop shall overcome him: but he shall overcome at the last.
Out of Asher his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield royal dainties.
Naphtali is a hind let loose: he giveth goodly words.
Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a well; whose branches run over the wall:
The archers have sorely grieved him, and shot at him, and hated him:
But his bow abode in strength, and the arms of his hands were made strong by the hands of the mighty God of Jacob; (from thence is the shepherd, the stone of Israel:)
Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee; and by the Almighty, who shall bless thee with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lieth under, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb:
The blessings of thy father have prevailed above the blessings of my progenitors unto the utmost bound of the everlasting hills: they shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the crown of the head of him that was separate from his brethren.
Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf: in the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil.
All these are the twelve tribes of Israel: and this is it that their father spake unto them, and blessed them; every one according to his blessing he blessed them.
And he charged them, and said unto them, I am to be gathered unto my people: bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite,
In the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field of Ephron the Hittite for a possession of a buryingplace.
There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife; there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife; and there I buried Leah.
The purchase of the field and of the cave that is therein was from the children of Heth.
And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people.
Text: King James Version (1611/1769), public domain.
Across traditions
Islam
Surah Al-Baqara (2): Jacob's Deathbed QuestionQuran 2:133 describes Jacob at death asking his sons what they will worship after him; they answer, your God and the God of your fathers Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac, one God.
Judaism
Deuteronomy 33: Moses Blesses the TribesBefore his death Moses also blesses the tribes of Israel one by one, a second tribal poem that can be read alongside Jacob's.
Christianity
Revelation 5: The Lion of the Tribe of JudahRevelation 5:5 calls Christ the Lion of the tribe of Juda, the Root of David, drawing on Jacob's image of Judah as a lion.
Questions about Genesis 49
Who are the twelve tribes of Israel?
They descend from Jacob's sons: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph and Benjamin. Later tribal lists often replace Joseph with his sons Ephraim and Manasseh.
What does Shiloh mean in Genesis 49:10?
The word is obscure. Targum Onkelos reads it as the Messiah, Christians have read it as Christ, and some scholars translate until tribute comes to him or connect it with the town of Shiloh.