Christianity
Proverbs 31The Woman of Valor
Summary
Proverbs 31 contains the words of King Lemuel, taught by his mother. She warns him against wasting his strength on women and against wine, which makes rulers forget justice, and urges him to speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves. The book then ends with an alphabetic poem praising a virtuous woman: she works with her hands, manages a household, buys a field, trades, cares for the poor and speaks with wisdom. Her worth is above rubies, and her reverence for God earns her praise.
Key verse
“Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies.”
Proverbs 31:10
Themes
- Woman of Strength
- Justice for the Voiceless
- Industry
- Fear of the LORD
Text
The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him.
What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows?
Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to that which destroyeth kings.
It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink:
Lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted.
Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts.
Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.
Open thy mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as are appointed to destruction.
Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy.
Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies.
The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her, so that he shall have no need of spoil.
She will do him good and not evil all the days of her life.
She seeketh wool, and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands.
She is like the merchants’ ships; she bringeth her food from afar.
She riseth also while it is yet night, and giveth meat to her household, and a portion to her maidens.
She considereth a field, and buyeth it: with the fruit of her hands she planteth a vineyard.
She girdeth her loins with strength, and strengtheneth her arms.
She perceiveth that her merchandise is good: her candle goeth not out by night.
She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff.
She stretcheth out her hand to the poor; yea, she reacheth forth her hands to the needy.
She is not afraid of the snow for her household: for all her household are clothed with scarlet.
She maketh herself coverings of tapestry; her clothing is silk and purple.
Her husband is known in the gates, when he sitteth among the elders of the land.
She maketh fine linen, and selleth it; and delivereth girdles unto the merchant.
Strength and honour are her clothing; and she shall rejoice in time to come.
She openeth her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is the law of kindness.
She looketh well to the ways of her household, and eateth not the bread of idleness.
Her children arise up, and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praiseth her.
Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excellest them all.
Favour is deceitful, and beauty is vain: but a woman that feareth the LORD, she shall be praised.
Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise her in the gates.
Text: King James Version (1611/1769), public domain.
Across traditions
Judaism
Proverbs 31 (JPS 1917): Eshet ChayilIn many Jewish homes Proverbs 31:10 to 31, known as Eshet Chayil, a woman of valor, is sung at the Friday night Sabbath table, often in honor of the women of the household.
Christianity
Ruth 3: A Virtuous WomanBoaz calls Ruth a virtuous woman in Ruth 3:11, the same Hebrew phrase used in Proverbs 31:10. In some Hebrew manuscript orders, such as the Leningrad Codex, Ruth directly follows Proverbs, and many readers see her as a living example of the poem.
Islam
Surah At-Tahrim (66): Women as Examples of FaithQuran 66:11 to 12 holds up Pharaoh's wife and Mary as examples for all believers, praising women for their faith and devotion, much as Proverbs 31:30 praises a woman who fears the LORD above charm or beauty.
Questions about Proverbs 31
Who was King Lemuel?
Lemuel is named only in Proverbs 31:1 and 31:4, and he is otherwise unknown. Some Jewish tradition identified him with Solomon, while many scholars think he was a non-Israelite king.
What does virtuous woman mean in Proverbs 31?
The Hebrew eshet chayil can mean woman of strength, valor or noble character. The poem portrays her as capable, enterprising, generous and wise, praised above all for her reverence for God.
Why is Proverbs 31:10 to 31 an acrostic?
Each of its 22 verses begins with the next letter of the Hebrew alphabet, a poetic form suggesting completeness, praising her from A to Z.