Christianity
Genesis 17The Covenant of Circumcision
Summary
Genesis 17 opens when Abram is ninety-nine and God appears as Almighty God, El Shaddai. God renames him Abraham, father of many nations, promises kings among his descendants and the land of Canaan, and makes circumcision on the eighth day the sign of an everlasting covenant. Sarai becomes Sarah, and God promises her a son; Abraham falls on his face and laughs. Ishmael receives a blessing of twelve princes, but the covenant is to pass through Isaac.
Key verse
“Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee.”
Genesis 17:5
Themes
- Covenant Sign
- New Names
- Promise Renewed
- Circumcision
Text
And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the LORD appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect.
And I will make my covenant between me and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly.
And Abram fell on his face: and God talked with him, saying,
As for me, behold, my covenant is with thee, and thou shalt be a father of many nations.
Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee.
And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of thee.
And I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee.
And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee, the land wherein thou art a stranger, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession; and I will be their God.
And God said unto Abraham, Thou shalt keep my covenant therefore, thou, and thy seed after thee in their generations.
This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between me and you and thy seed after thee; Every man child among you shall be circumcised.
And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you.
And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every man child in your generations, he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any stranger, which is not of thy seed.
He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised: and my covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant.
And the uncircumcised man child whose flesh of his foreskin is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken my covenant.
And God said unto Abraham, As for Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall her name be.
And I will bless her, and give thee a son also of her: yea, I will bless her, and she shall be a mother of nations; kings of people shall be of her.
Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed, and said in his heart, Shall a child be born unto him that is an hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear?
And Abraham said unto God, O that Ishmael might live before thee!
And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him.
And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation.
But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year.
And he left off talking with him, and God went up from Abraham.
And Abraham took Ishmael his son, and all that were born in his house, and all that were bought with his money, every male among the men of Abraham’s house; and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in the selfsame day, as God had said unto him.
And Abraham was ninety years old and nine, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.
And Ishmael his son was thirteen years old, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.
In the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised, and Ishmael his son.
And all the men of his house, born in the house, and bought with money of the stranger, were circumcised with him.
Text: King James Version (1611/1769), public domain.
Across traditions
Islam
Surah Al-Baqara (2): Abraham Tested with WordsQuran 2:124 says God tried Abraham with certain commands, he fulfilled them, and God made him a leader for humanity while excluding wrongdoers from the covenant. Some classical commentators, drawing on a report from Ibn Abbas, counted circumcision among these tests.
Christianity
Romans 4: Sign and SealPaul calls Abraham's circumcision a seal of the righteousness he already had by faith, making him father of both the circumcised and the uncircumcised who believe.
Questions about Genesis 17
Why was Abram's name changed to Abraham?
Genesis 17:5 explains the new name as father of many nations, marking God's covenant promise of countless descendants.
Why is circumcision done on the eighth day?
Genesis 17:12 commands circumcision of every male child at eight days old as the covenant sign. Jewish practice, the brit milah, still follows this command.
What does El Shaddai mean?
The KJV translates El Shaddai in Genesis 17:1 as Almighty God. The exact meaning of Shaddai is debated, with proposals including mighty, mountain and all-sufficient.