Christianity
Exodus 7Aaron's Rod and the Nile
Summary
Exodus 7 sets the contest in motion. Moses, at eighty, and Aaron, at eighty-three, stand before Pharaoh, and Aaron's rod becomes a serpent. Egypt's magicians do the same with their rods, but Aaron's rod swallows theirs. The first plague follows: Aaron stretches the rod over the waters, the Nile turns to blood, the fish die and the Egyptians dig for water. The magicians copy the sign, and Pharaoh's heart stays hard as seven days pass.
Key verse
“For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron’s rod swallowed up their rods.”
Exodus 7:12
Themes
- Signs and Wonders
- Contest with Magic
- Hardened Heart
- Judgment
Text
And the LORD said unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh: and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet.
Thou shalt speak all that I command thee: and Aaron thy brother shall speak unto Pharaoh, that he send the children of Israel out of his land.
And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt.
But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments.
And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I stretch forth mine hand upon Egypt, and bring out the children of Israel from among them.
And Moses and Aaron did as the LORD commanded them, so did they.
And Moses was fourscore years old, and Aaron fourscore and three years old, when they spake unto Pharaoh.
And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying,
When Pharaoh shall speak unto you, saying, Shew a miracle for you: then thou shalt say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and cast it before Pharaoh, and it shall become a serpent.
And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did so as the LORD had commanded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent.
Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments.
For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron’s rod swallowed up their rods.
And he hardened Pharaoh’s heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.
And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh’s heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the people go.
Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning; lo, he goeth out unto the water; and thou shalt stand by the river’s brink against he come; and the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt thou take in thine hand.
And thou shalt say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath sent me unto thee, saying, Let my people go, that they may serve me in the wilderness: and, behold, hitherto thou wouldest not hear.
Thus saith the LORD, In this thou shalt know that I am the LORD: behold, I will smite with the rod that is in mine hand upon the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood.
And the fish that is in the river shall die, and the river shall stink; and the Egyptians shall lothe to drink of the water of the river.
And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels of stone.
And Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river, in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.
And the fish that was in the river died; and the river stank, and the Egyptians could not drink of the water of the river; and there was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.
And the magicians of Egypt did so with their enchantments: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, neither did he hearken unto them; as the LORD had said.
And Pharaoh turned and went into his house, neither did he set his heart to this also.
And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river.
And seven days were fulfilled, after that the LORD had smitten the river.
Text: King James Version (1611/1769), public domain.
Across traditions
Islam
Surah Al-A'raf (7): The Magicians BelieveQuran 7:103 to 126 describes Moses' staff becoming a serpent and swallowing the magicians' illusions. The magicians then fall prostrate and declare faith in the Lord of the Worlds, and Pharaoh threatens to crucify them, an outcome Exodus does not narrate.
Islam
Surah Ta-Ha (20): The Contest on the Festival DayQuran 20:57 to 73 gives a fuller account of the agreed meeting, the magicians' ropes and staves, and their faith under Pharaoh's threats.
Questions about Exodus 7
Did Pharaoh's magicians really turn rods into serpents?
Exodus 7:11 to 12 says they did the same with their enchantments, but Aaron's rod swallowed theirs. Interpreters differ on whether this was genuine power or skilled illusion; the Quran in 7:116 describes it as a spell cast upon the people's eyes.
What were the ten plagues of Egypt?
Blood, frogs, lice, flies, livestock disease, boils, hail, locusts, darkness and the death of the firstborn, spread across Exodus 7 to 12. Quran 17:101 speaks of nine clear signs given to Moses, and 7:133 lists several of them.