Christianity
Exodus 1Oppression in Egypt
Summary
Exodus 1 explains how Jacob's descendants multiplied in Egypt until a new king who knew not Joseph saw them as a threat. He forces them into hard labor building the store cities Pithom and Raamses, then orders the Hebrew midwives Shiphrah and Puah to kill newborn boys. The midwives fear God and refuse, so Pharaoh commands that every Hebrew son be thrown into the Nile. The chapter sets the scene of bondage from which the rest of the book unfolds.
Key verse
“But the midwives feared God, and did not as the king of Egypt commanded them, but saved the men children alive.”
Exodus 1:17
Themes
- Oppression
- Civil Courage
- Fear of God
- Growth Despite Hardship
Text
Now these are the names of the children of Israel, which came into Egypt; every man and his household came with Jacob.
Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah,
Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin,
Dan, and Naphtali, Gad, and Asher.
And all the souls that came out of the loins of Jacob were seventy souls: for Joseph was in Egypt already.
And Joseph died, and all his brethren, and all that generation.
And the children of Israel were fruitful, and increased abundantly, and multiplied, and waxed exceeding mighty; and the land was filled with them.
Now there arose up a new king over Egypt, which knew not Joseph.
And he said unto his people, Behold, the people of the children of Israel are more and mightier than we:
Come on, let us deal wisely with them; lest they multiply, and it come to pass, that, when there falleth out any war, they join also unto our enemies, and fight against us, and so get them up out of the land.
Therefore they did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens. And they built for Pharaoh treasure cities, Pithom and Raamses.
But the more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied and grew. And they were grieved because of the children of Israel.
And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour:
And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in morter, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field: all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour.
And the king of Egypt spake to the Hebrew midwives, of which the name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah:
And he said, When ye do the office of a midwife to the Hebrew women, and see them upon the stools; if it be a son, then ye shall kill him: but if it be a daughter, then she shall live.
But the midwives feared God, and did not as the king of Egypt commanded them, but saved the men children alive.
And the king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said unto them, Why have ye done this thing, and have saved the men children alive?
And the midwives said unto Pharaoh, Because the Hebrew women are not as the Egyptian women; for they are lively, and are delivered ere the midwives come in unto them.
Therefore God dealt well with the midwives: and the people multiplied, and waxed very mighty.
And it came to pass, because the midwives feared God, that he made them houses.
And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, Every son that is born ye shall cast into the river, and every daughter ye shall save alive.
Text: King James Version (1611/1769), public domain.
Across traditions
Islam
Surah Al-Qasas (28): Pharaoh's TyrannyQuran 28:4 describes Pharaoh exalting himself, dividing the people into castes and oppressing one group by killing their sons and sparing their women. The Quran does not mention the midwives, focusing instead on Pharaoh's arrogance.
Christianity
Matthew 2: Herod and the InfantsMatthew describes King Herod ordering the killing of young boys in Bethlehem, and Christian readers have long noted the echo of Pharaoh's decree around the birth of Moses.
Questions about Exodus 1
Who were Shiphrah and Puah?
They were the Hebrew midwives named in Exodus 1:15. They disobeyed Pharaoh's order to kill newborn Hebrew boys, and Exodus 1:20 to 21 says God dealt well with them and gave them households.
Which Pharaoh is the Pharaoh of the Exodus?
Exodus never names him. Scholars have proposed several rulers, most often Ramesses II because of the store city Raamses in Exodus 1:11, but there is no agreement and some date the events earlier.
How long were the Israelites in Egypt?
Exodus 12:40 gives the sojourn as 430 years. Jewish and Christian interpreters have differed on whether that span counts from Jacob's arrival in Egypt or from an earlier point in Abraham's time.